Abstract

Systemic contact dermatitis (SCD) is a skin inflammation occurring in a patient after systemic administration of a hapten, which previously caused an allergic contact skin reaction in the same person. Most frequently, hypersensitivity reactions typical for SCD occur after absorption of haptens with food or inhalation. Haptens occur mainly in the forms of metals and compounds present in natural resins, preservatives, food thickeners, flavorings and medicines. For many years, several studies have been conducted on understanding the pathogenesis of SCD in which both delayed type hypersensitivity (type IV) and immediate type I are observed. Components of the complement system are also suspected to attend there. Helper T cells (Th) (Th1 and Th2), cytotoxic T lymphocytes (Tc), and NK cells play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of SCD. They secrete a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, regulatory T cells (Tregs) have an important role. They control and inhibit activity of the immune system during inflammation. Tregs release suppressor cytokines and interact directly with a target cell through presentation of immunosuppressive particles at the cell surface. Diagnostic methods are generally the patch test, oral provocation test, elimination diet and lymphocyte stimulation test. There are many kinds of inflammatory skin reactions caused by systemic haptens’ distribution. They are manifested in a variety of clinical phenotypes of the disease.

References

• 1. Afolaranmi G.A., Tettey J., Meek R.M., Grant M.H.: Release of chromiumfrom orthopaedic arthroplasties. Open Orthop. J., 2008; 2: 1-18
  Google Scholar
• 2. Akay B.N., Sanli H.: Systemic drug related intertriginous andflexural exanthem due to oral risperidone. Pediatr. Dermatol., 2009;26: 214-216
  Google Scholar
• 3. Akbari O., Faul J.L., Hoyte E.G., Berry G.J., Wahlström J., KronenbergM., DeKruyff R.H., Umetsu D.T.: CD4+ invariant T-cell-receptor+natural killer T cells in bronchial asthma. N. Engl. J. Med.,2006; 354: 1117-1129
  Google Scholar
• 4. Alikhan A., Maibach H.I.: Allergic contact dermatitis. Chem. Immunol.Allergy, 2014; 100: 97-100
  Google Scholar
• 5. Alonso R., Enrique E., Cisteró A.: Positive patch test to diclofenacin Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Contact Dermatitis, 2000; 42: 367
  Google Scholar
• 6. Andersen K.E., Hjorth N., Menné T.: The baboon syndrome: systemically-induced allergic contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis.,1984; 10: 97-100
  Google Scholar
• 7. Arnold A.W., Hausermann P., Bach S., Bircher A.J.: Recurrent flexuralexanthema (SDRIFE or baboon syndrome) after administrationof two different iodinated radio contrast media. Dermatology,2007; 214: 89-93
  Google Scholar
• 8. Asano Y., Makino T., Norisugi O., Shimizu T.: Occupational cobaltinduced systemic contact dermatitis. Eur. J. Dermatol., 2009;19: 166-167
  Google Scholar
• 9. Ash S., Scheman A.J.: Systemic contact dermatitis to hydroxyzine.Am. J. Contact Dermat., 1997; 8: 2-5
  Google Scholar
• 10. Askenase P.W., Szczepanik M., Itakura A., Kiener C., CamposR.A.: Extravascular T-cell recruitment requires initiation begun byVα14+NKT cells and B-1 B cells. Trends Immunol., 2004; 25: 441-449
  Google Scholar
• 11. Baeck M., Goossens A.: Systemic contact dermatitis to corticosteroids.Allergy, 2012; 67: 1580-1585
  Google Scholar
• 12. Bajaj A.K., Rastogi S., Misra A., Misra K., Bajaj S.: Occupationaland systemic contact dermatitis with photosensitivity due to vitaminB6. Contact Dermatitis, 2001; 44: 184
  Google Scholar
• 13. Balato A., Patruno C., Balato N., Gallo L., Ayala F.: Erythema multiforme-like eruption because of para-phenylenediamine. ContactDermatitis, 2008; 58: 65-66
  Google Scholar
• 14. Banerjee G., Damodaran A., Devi N., Dharmalingam K., RamanG.: Role of keratinocytes in antigen presentation and polarization ofhuman T lymphocytes. Scand. J. Immunol., 2004; 59: 385-394
  Google Scholar
• 15. Barrington R., Zhang M., Fischer M., Carroll M.C.: The role ofcomplement in inflammation and adaptive immunity. Immunol.Rev., 2001; 180: 5-15
  Google Scholar
• 16. Blackmur J.P., Lammy S., Baring D.E.: Baboon syndrome: an unusualcomplication arising from antibiotic treatment of tonsillitis andreview of the literature. BMJ Case Rep., 2013; 28: 2013
  Google Scholar
• 17. Campos R.A., Szczepanik M., Itakura A., Akahira-Azuma M., SidobreS., Kronenberg M., Askenase P.W.: Cutaneous immunizationrapidly activates liver invariant Vα14 NKT cells stimulating B-1 Bcells to initiate T cell recruitment for elicitation of contact sensitivity. J. Exp. Med., 2003; 198: 1785-1796
  Google Scholar
• 18. Campos R.A., Szczepanik M., Itakura A., Lisbonne M., Dey N., Leite-de-Moraes M.C., Askenase P.W.: Interleukin-4-dependent innatecollaboration between iNKT cells and B-1 B cells controls adaptivecontact sensitivity. Immunology, 2006; 117: 536-547
  Google Scholar
• 19. Campos R.A., Szczepanik M., Lisbonne M., Itakura A., Leite-de–Moraes M., Askenase P.W.: Invariant NKT cells rapidly activated viaimmunization with diverse contact antigens collaborate in vitro withB-1 cells initiate contact sensitivity. J. Immunol., 2006; 177: 3686-3694
  Google Scholar
• 20. Cavani A.: Immune regulatory mechanisms in allergic contactdermatitis and contact sensitization. Chem. Immunol. Allergy, 2008;94: 93-100
  Google Scholar
• 21. Cavani A., Nasorri F., Ottaviani C., Sebastiani S., De Pità O., GirolomoniG.: Human CD25+ regulatory T cells maintain immunetolerance to nickel in healthy, nonallergic individuals. J. Immunol.,2003; 171: 5760-5768
  Google Scholar
• 22. Cho E., Lee J.D., Cho S.H.: Systemic contact dermatitis from propolisingestion. Ann. Dermatol., 2011; 23: 85-88
  Google Scholar
• 23. Cusack C., Buckley C.: Compositae dermatitis in herbal medicineenthusiast. Contact Dermatitis, 2005; 53: 120-121
  Google Scholar
• 24. Daito J., Hanada K., Katoh N., Katoh S., Sakamoto K., Asai J.,Takenaka H., Kishimoto S.: Symmetrical drug-related intertriginousand flexural exanthema caused by valacyclovir. Dermatology,2009; 218: 60-62
  Google Scholar
• 25. de Groot A.C., Conemans J.: Allergic urticarial rash from oralcodeine. Contact Dermatitis, 1986; 14: 209-214
  Google Scholar
• 26. de Marchi S., Cecchin E., De Marchi S.U.: Systemic allergic dermatitisresulting from oral administration of chromium with a foodsupplement. Contact Dermatitis, 2014; 70: 123-125
  Google Scholar
• 27. Dogru M., Ozmen S., Ginis T., Duman H., Bostanci I.: Symmetricaldrug-related intertriginous and flexural exanthema (baboonsyndrome) induced by amoxicillin-clavulanate. Pediatr. Dermatol.,2012; 29: 770-771
  Google Scholar
• 28. Elmariah S.B., Cheung W., Wang N., Kamino H., Pomeranz M.K.:Systemic drug related intertriginous and flexural exanthema (SDRIFE).Dermatol. Online J., 2009; 15: 3
  Google Scholar
• 29. Fabbro S., Zirwas M.: Systemic contact dermatitis to foods: nickel,BOP and more. Curr. Allergy Asthma Reports, 2014; 14: 463
  Google Scholar
• 30. Fernandez Redondo V., Casas L., Taboada M., Toribio J.: Systemiccontact dermatitis from erythromycin. Contact Dermatitis,1994; 30: 311
  Google Scholar
• 31. Fisher A., Fowler J.: Fisher’s Contact Dermatitis Pmph USA LtdSeries, PMPH-USA, 2008
  Google Scholar
• 32. Foley S.C., Préfontaine D., D’Antoni M., Hamid Q.: Images inallergy and immunology: Regulatory T cells in allergic disease. J.Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2007; 120: 482-486
  Google Scholar
• 33. Gober M.D., Gaspari A.A.: Allergic contact dermatitis. W: Dermatologic Immunity. Nickoloff B.J., Nestle F.O. (red.). Curr. Dir. Autoimmun. Basel, Karger, 2008; 10: 1-26
  Google Scholar
• 34. Gorbachev A.V., Dilulio N.A., Fairchild R.L.: IL-12 augments CD8+T cell development for contact hypersensitivity responses and circumventsanti-CD154 antibody-mediated inhibition. J. Immunol.,2001; 167: 156-162
  Google Scholar
• 35. Grieco T., Faina V., Alei L., Dies L., Milana M., Calvieri S.: Systemiccontact dermatitis (SCD) due to dietary nickel. Clin. Ter., 2012;163: e127-e128
  Google Scholar
• 36. Hammerschmidt S.I., Friedrichsen M., Boelter J., LyszkiewiczM., Kremmer E., Pabst O., Förster R.: Retinoic acid induces homingof protective T and B cells to the gut after subcutaneous immunizationin mice. J. Clin. Invest., 2011; 121: 3051-3061
  Google Scholar
• 37. Handisurya A., Stingl G., Wöhrl S.: SDRIFE (baboon syndrome)induced by penicillin. Clin. Exp. Dermatol., 2009; 34: 355-357
  Google Scholar
• 38. Häusermann P., Harr T., Bircher A.J.: Baboon syndrome resultingfrom systemic drugs: is there strife between SDRIFE and allergiccontact dermatitis syndrome. Contact Dermatitis., 2004; 51: 297-310
  Google Scholar
• 39. Hindson C.: Contact eczema from methyl salicylate reproducerby oral aspiryn/acetylsalicylic acid. Contact Dermatitis, 1977; 3:348-349
  Google Scholar
• 40. Jacob S.E., Zapolanski T.: Systemic contact dermatitis. Dermatitis,2008; 19: 9-15
  Google Scholar
• 41. Jagła M., Cichocka-Jarosz E.: Limfocyty regulatorowe. AlergiaAstma Immunologia, 2007; 12: 22-29
  Google Scholar
• 42. Jensen C.S., Lisby S., Larsen J.K., Veien N.K., Menné T.: Characterizationof lymphocyte subpopulations and cytokine profilesin peripheral blood of nickel-sensitive individuals with systemiccontact dermatitis after oral nickel exposure. Contact Dermatitis,2004; 50: 31-38
  Google Scholar
• 43. Jensen C.S., Menné T., Johansen J.D.: Systemic contact dermatitisafter oral exposure to nickel: a review with a modified meta-analysis.Contact Dermatitis, 2006; 54: 79-86
  Google Scholar
• 44. Kaur-Knudsen D., Menné T., Christina Carlsen B.: Systemic allergicdermatitis following airborne exposure to 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one. Contact Dermatitis, 2012; 67: 310-312
  Google Scholar
• 45. Kieć-Świerczyńska M.: Alergiczne kontaktowe zapalenie skóry.Patomechanizm. Alergia, 2009; 1: 33-37
  Google Scholar
• 46. Kindt T.J., Goldsby R.A., Osborne B.A., Kuby J.: Kuby Immunology.W.H. Freeman, 2007
  Google Scholar
• 47. Komericki P., Kranke B.: Maculopapular exanthem from propolis:case report and review of systemie cutaneous and non-cutaneousreactions. Contact Dermatitis, 2009; 61: 353-355
  Google Scholar
• 48. Lan R.Y., Ansari A.A., Lian Z.X., Gershwin M.E.: Regulatory Tcells: development, function and role in autoimmunity. Autoimmun.Rev., 2005; 4: 351-363
  Google Scholar
• 49. Lechner T., Grytzzmann B., Baurle G.: Hamatogenes allergischeKontaktekszem nach oraler Gabe von Nystatin. Mykosen, 1987; 30:142-146
  Google Scholar
• 50. Lugović-Mihić L., Duvančić T., Vučić M., Situm M., Kolić M., MihićJ.: SDRIFE (baboon syndrome) due to paracetamol: case report. ActaDermatovenerol. Croat., 2013; 21: 113-117
  Google Scholar
• 51. Mahajan V.K., Sharm N.L., Sharma R.C.: Pathenium dermatitis: isit a systemic contact dermatitis or an airborne contact dermatitis?Contact Dermatitis, 2004; 51: 231-234
  Google Scholar
• 52. Matrin S.F., Dudda J.C., Delattre V., Bachtanian E., Leicht C.,Burger B., Weltzien H.U., Simon J.C.: Fas-mediated inhibition of CD4+T cell priming results in dominance of type 1 CD8+ T cells in the immuneresponse to the contact sensitizer trinitrophenyl. J. Immunol.,2004; 173: 3178-3185
  Google Scholar
• 53. Mercer J.C., Ragin M.J., August A.: Natural killer T cells: rapid responders controlling immunity and disease. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 2005; 37: 1337-1343
  Google Scholar
• 54. Metz J., Hundertmark U., Pevny I.: Vitamin C allergy of delayedtype. Contact Dermatitis, 1980; 6: 172-174
  Google Scholar
• 55. Miyahara A., Kawashima H., Okubo Y., Hoshika A.: A new proposalfor a clinical-oriented sub classification of baboon syndromeand a review of baboon syndrome. Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol.,2011; 29: 150-160
  Google Scholar
• 56. Möller H.: Contact allergy to gold as a model for clinical-experimentalresearch. Contact Dermatitis, 2010; 62: 193-200
  Google Scholar
• 57. Neis M.M., Peters B., Dreuw A., Wenzel J., Bieber T., Mauch C.,Krieg T., Stanzel S., Heinrich P.C., Merk H.F., Bosio A., Baron J.M.,Hermanns H.M.: Enhanced expression levels of IL-31 correlate withIL-4 and IL-3 in atopic and allergic contact dermatitis. J. Allergy Clin.Immunol., 2006; 118: 930-937
  Google Scholar
• 58. Nijhawan R.I., Molenda M., Zirwas M.J., Jacob S.E.: Systemiccontact dermatitis. Dermatol. Clin., 2009; J27: 355-364
  Google Scholar
• 59. Panhans-Gross A., Gall H.I., Peter R.U.: Baboon syndrome afteroral penicillin. Contact Dermatitis, 1999; 41: 362-353
  Google Scholar
• 60. Passerini L., Di Nunzio S., Gregori S., Gambineri E., Cecconi M.,Seidel M.G., Cazzola G., Perroni L., Tommasini A., Vignola S., GuidiL., Roncarolo M.G., Bacchetta R.: Functional type 1 regulatory T cellsdevelop regardless of FOXP3 mutations in patients with IPEX syndrome.Eur. J. Immunol., 2011; 41: 1120-1131
  Google Scholar
• 61. Paulsen E., Christensen L.P., Fretté X.C., Andersen K.E.: Patchtest reactivity to feverfew-containing creams in feverfew-allergicpatients. Contact Dermatitis, 2010; 63: 146-150
  Google Scholar
• 62. Peiser M.: Role of Th17 cells in skin inflammation of allergiccontact dermatitis. Clin. Dev. Immunol., 2013; 2013: 261037
  Google Scholar
• 63. Pichler W.J., Tilch J.: The lymphocyte transformation test inthe diagnosis of drug hypersensitivity. Allergy, 2004; 59: 809-820
  Google Scholar
• 64. Proske S., Uter W., Schnuch A., Hartschuh W.: Severe allergic contactdermatitis with generalized spread due to bufexamac presentingas the „baboon“ syndrome. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr., 2003; 128: 545-547
  Google Scholar
• 65. Ricciardi L., Arena A., Arena E., Zambito M., Ingrassia A., ValentiG., Loschiavo G., D‘Angelo A., Saitta S.: Systemic nickel allergysyndrome: epidemiological data from four Italian allergy units. Int.J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol., 2014; 27: 131-136
  Google Scholar
• 66. Riemann H., Schwarz A., Grabbe S., Aragane Y., Luger T.A.,Wysocka M., Kubin M., Trinchieri G., Schwarz T.: Neutralization ofIL-12 in vivo prevents induction of contact hypersensitivity and induceshapten-specific tolerance. J. Immunol., 1996; 156: 1799-1803
  Google Scholar
• 67. Ring S., Schäfer S.C., Mahnke K., Lehr H.A., Enk A.H.: CD4+ CD25+regulatory T cells suppress contact hypersensitivity reactions byblocking influx of effector T cells into inflamed tissue. Eur. J. Immunol.,2006; 36: 2981-2992
  Google Scholar
• 68. Rycroft R.J.: Recurrent facial dermatitis from chamomile tea.Contact Dermatitis, 2003; 48: 229
  Google Scholar
• 69. Saint-Mezard P., Chavagnac C., Vocanson M., Kehren J., RozièresA., Bosset S., Ionescu M., Dubois B., Kaiserlian D., Nicolas J.F., BérardF.: Deficient contact hypersensitivity reaction in CD4-/-mice is becauseof impaired hapten-specific CD8+ T cell functions. J. Invest.Dermatol., 2005; 124: 562-569
  Google Scholar
• 70. Saito N., Yamane N., Matsumura W., Fujita Y., Inokuma D., KuroshimaS., Hamasaka K., Shimizu H.: Generalized exacerbation ofsystemic allergic dermatitis due to zinc patch test and dental treatments,Contact Dermatitis, 2010; 62: 372-373
  Google Scholar
• 71. Sakai T., Hatano Y., Fujiwara S.: Systemic contact dermatitis dueto zinc successfully treated with a zinc-restricted diet: a case report.Allergol. Int., 2013; 62: 265-267
  Google Scholar
• 72. Salam T.N., Fowler J.F.Jr.: Balsam-related systemic contact dermatitis.J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 2001; 45: 377-381
  Google Scholar
• 73. Sans V., Jouary T., Hubiche T., Smith D., Milpied B., Taieb A.:Baboon syndrome induced by cetuximab. Arch. Dermatol., 2008;144: 272-274
  Google Scholar
• 74. Saulnier M., Huang S., Aguet M., Ryffel B.: Role of interferon-γ incontact hypersensitivity assessed in interferon-γ receptor-dificientmice. Toxicology, 1995; 102: 301-312
  Google Scholar
• 75. Seiffert I., Granstein R.D.: Neuroendocrine regulation of skindendric cells. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 2006; 1088: 195-206
  Google Scholar
• 76. Śpiewak R.: Alergia kontaktowa – diagnostyka i postępowanie.Alergia Astma Immunologia, 2007; 12: 109-127
  Google Scholar
• 77. Stuckert J., Nedorost S.: Low-cobalt diet for dyshidrotic eczemapatients. Contact Dermatitis, 2008; 59: 361-365
  Google Scholar
• 78. Taams L., Palmer D., Akbar A., Robinson D.S., Brown Z., HawrylowiczC.M.: Regulatory T cells in human disease and their potentialfor therapeutic manipulation. Immunology, 2006; 118: 1-9
  Google Scholar
• 79. Thyssen J.P., Maibach H.I.: Drug-elicited systemic allergic (contact)dermatitis – update and possibile pathomechanisms. ContactDermatitis, 2008; 59: 195-202
  Google Scholar
• 80. Tomb R., Lepoitteevin J.P., Espinassouze F., Heid E., FoussereauJ.: Systemic contact dermatitis from pseudoephedrine. Contact Dermatitis,1991; 24: 86-88
  Google Scholar
• 81. Treudler R., Simon J.C.: Symmetric, drug-related, intertriginous,and flexural exanthema in a patient with polyvalent intolerance tocorticosteroids. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2006; 118: 965-967
  Google Scholar
• 82. Tsuji R.F., Kawikova I., Ramabhadran R., Akahira-Azuma M., TaubD., Hugli T.E., Gerard C., Askenase P.W.: Early local generation of C5ainitiates the elicitation of contact sensitivity by leading to early Tcell recruitment. J. Immunol., 2000; 165: 1588-1598
  Google Scholar
• 83. Tsuji R.F., Szczepanik M., Kawikova I., Paliwal V., Campos R.A.,Itakura A., Akahira-Azuma M., Baumgarth N., Herzenberg L.A., AskenaseP.W.: B-cell-dependent T cell responses: IgM antibodies are requiredto elicit contact sensitivity. J. Exp. Med., 2002; 196: 1277-1290
  Google Scholar
• 84. Veien N.K.: Ingested food in systemic allergic contact dermatitis.Clin. Dermatol., 1997: 15: 547-555
  Google Scholar
• 85. Vocanson M., Hennino A., Chavagnac C., Saint-Mezard P., DuboisB., Kaiserlian D., Nicolas J.F.: Contribution of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cellsin contact hypersensitivity and allergic contact dermatitis. ExpertRev. Clin. Immunol., 2005; 1: 75-86
  Google Scholar
• 86. Vocanson M., Hennino A., Cluzel-Tailhardat M., Saint-Mezard P.,Benetiere J., Chavagnac C., Berard F., Kaiserlian D., Nicolas J.: Cd8+ Tcells are effector cells of contact dermatitis to common skin allergensin mice. J. Invest. Dermatol., 2006; 126: 815-820
  Google Scholar
• 87. von Baehr V., Doebis C., Volk H.D., von Baehr R.: The lymphocytetransformation test for borrelia detects active lyme borreliosisand verifies effective antibiotic treatment. Open Neurol. J., 2012;6: 104-112
  Google Scholar
• 88. Watanabe T., Yamada N., Yoshida Y., Yamamoto O.: A case ofsymmetrical drug related intertriginous and flexural exanthemainduced by loflazepate ethyl. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venerol., 2010;24: 357-358
  Google Scholar
• 89. Wiedemeyer K., Enk A., Jappe U.: Erythema multiforme followingallergic contact dermatitis: case report and literature review.Acta Derm. Venereol., 2007; 87: 559-561
  Google Scholar
• 90. Winnicki M., Shear N.H.: A systematic approach to systemiccontact dermatitis and symmetric drug-related intertriginous andflexural exanthema (SDRIFE): a closer look at these conditions andan approach to intertriginous eruptions. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol., 2011;12: 171-180
  Google Scholar
• 91. Yoshihisa Y., Shimizu T.: Metal allergy and systemic contactdermatitis: an overview. Dermatol. Res. Pract., 2012; 2012: 749561
  Google Scholar
• 92. Zu Y., Li C., Zheng Y.J., Deng J.K., Fu X.L.: The role of CD4+CD25+regulatory cells in the pathogenesis of asthma in children. ZhonghuaYi Xue Za Zhi, 2006; 86: 35-38
  Google Scholar

Full text