Abstract

Many epidemiological studies have confirmed the relationship of obesity and psoriasis, and it is believed that obesity is an independent risk factor for its development and is associated with a worse prognosis. Furthermore, the reduction of body weight, using low-calorie diet combined with exercise, reduces the severity of psoriasis.Visceral adipose tissue is the largest endocrine organ, producing proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17) and adipokines (adiponectin, omentin, chemerin). They participate in the development of dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, diabetes, and consequently of the cardiovascular diseases. Macrophages of visceral adipose tissue have a special role and they increase significantly in obesity. They are responsible for the development of inflammation in adipose tissue and produce inflammatory cytokines (TNF alpha, IL-6, Il-8, Il-17, Il-18, MCP-1) and other adipokines: resistin, visfatin, retinol-binding protein 4. This explains the concept of «psoriatic march «and observations of the frequent coexistence of psoriasis with obesity. Inflammation associated with systemic disease, fanned by pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipokines produced by the visceral adipose tissue lead to the development of insulin resistance, endothelial cell damage. Endothelial dysfunction predisposes to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques and faster development of cardiovascular events. Complication of obesity is the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which states twice as likely in patients with plaque psoriasis and is associated with the severity of the disease. Another consequence is the development of depression. Probably the proinflammatory cytokines can interact with metabolism of neurotransmitters. Obesity also has a significant impact on the treatment of psoriasis, increasing the risk of adverse effects of systemic drugs, reducing the efficacy of biological agents which dose should be adjusted to the weight of the patient. It is a factor responsible for the increased volume of distribution and it causes low titter of drug concentration.

References

• 1. Ahmed M., Gaffen S.L.: IL-17 in obesity and adipogenesis. CytokineGrowth Factor Rev., 2010; 21: 449-453
  Google Scholar
• 2. Albanesi C., Scarponi C., Pallota S., Daniele R., Bosisio D., MadonnaS., Fortugno P., Gonzalvo-Feo S., Franssen J.D., Parmentier M., DePità O., Girolomoni G.,Sozzani S.: Chemerin expression marks earlypsoriatic skin lesion and correlates with plasmacytoid dendritic cellrecruitment. J. Exp. Med., 2008; 206: 249-258
  Google Scholar
• 3. Alberti K.G., Eckel R.H., Grundy S.M., Zimmet P.Z., Cleeman J.I.,Donato K.A., Fruchart J.C., James W.P., Loria C.M., Smith S.C. Jr., InternationalDiabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention;Hational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American HeartAssociation; World Heart Federation, International AtherosclerosisSociety, International Association for the Study of Obesity: Harmonizingthe metabolic syndrome. Circulation, 2009; 120: 1640-1645
  Google Scholar
• 4. Al-Mutairi N., Nour T.: The effect of weight reduction on treatmentoutcomes in obese patients with psoriasis on biologic therapy:a randomized controlled prospective trial. Expert. Opin. Biol. Ther.,2014; 14: 749-756
  Google Scholar
• 5. Altunay I., Demirci G.T., Ates B., Kucukunal A., Aydın C.,Karamustafalıoglu O., Altuntas Y.: Do eating disorders accompanymetabolic syndrome in psoriasis patients? Results of a preliminarystudy. Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol., 2011; 4: 139-143
  Google Scholar
• 6. Armstrong A.W., Harskamp C.T., Armstrong E.J.: The associationbetween psoriasis and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysisof observational studies. Nutr. Diabetes., 2012; 2: e54
  Google Scholar
• 7. Azfar R.S., Gelfand J.M.: Psoriasis and metabolic disease: epidemiologyand pathophysiology. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol., 2008; 20: 416-422
  Google Scholar
• 8. Baran A., Flisiak I., Chodynicka B.: Znaczenie wybranych adipokinw łuszczycy. Przegl. Dermatol., 2011; 98: 422-428
  Google Scholar
• 9. Bardazzi F., Balestri R., Baldi E., Antonucci A., De Tommaso S.,Patrizi A.: Correlation between BMI and PASI in patients affected bymoderate to severe psoriasis undergoing biological therapy. Dermatol.Ther., 2010; 23: S14-S19
  Google Scholar
• 10. Beltowski J.: Leptin and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, 2006;189: 47-60
  Google Scholar
• 11. Berends M.A., Snoek J., de Jong E.M., van de Kerkhof P.C., vanOijen M.G., van Krieken J.H., Drenth J.P.: Liver injury in long-termmethotrexate treatment in psoriasis is relatively infrequent. Alment. Pharmacol. Ther., 2006; 24: 805-811
  Google Scholar
• 12. Bhole V.M., Choi H.K., Burns L.C., Vera Kellet C., Lacaille D.V.,Gladman D.D., Dutz J.P.: Differences in body mass index among individualswith PsA, psoriasis, RA and the general population. Rheumatology,2012; 51: 552-556
  Google Scholar
• 13. Blüher M., Fasshauer M., Tönjes A., Kratzsch J., Schön M.R.,Paschke R.: Association of interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, interleukin-10and adiponectin plasma concentrations with measuresof obesity, insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. Exp. Clin.Endocrinol. Diabetes, 2005; 113: 534-537
  Google Scholar
• 14. Boehncke W.H., Boehncke S., Tobin A.M., Kirby B.: The “psoriaticmarch”: a concept of how severe psoriasis may drive cardiovascularcomorbidity. Exp. Dermatol., 2011; 20: 303-307
  Google Scholar
• 15. Bremmer S., Van Voorhees A.S., Hsu S., Korman N.J., LebwohlM.G., Young M., Bebo B.F. Jr., Blauvelt A., National Psoriasis Foundation:Obesity and psoriasis: from the Medical Board of the NationalPsoriasis Foundation. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 2010; 63: 1058-1069
  Google Scholar
• 16. Briot K., Garnero P., Le Henanff A., Dougados M., Roux C.: Bodyweight, body composition, and bone turnover changes in patientswith spondyloarthropathy receiving antitumour necrosis factor αtreatment. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 2005; 64: 1137-1140
  Google Scholar
• 17. Bryld L.E., Sørensen T.I., Andersen K.K., Jemec G.B., Baker J.L.:High body mass index in adolescent girls precedes psoriasis hospitalization.Acta Derm. Venereol., 2010; 90: 488-493
  Google Scholar
• 18. Carrascosa J.M., Rocamora V., Fernandez-Torres R.M., JimenezPuyaR., Moreno J.C., Coll-Puigserver N., Fonseca E.: Obesity andpsoriasis: inflammatory nature of obesity, relationship between psoriasisand obesity, and therapeutic implications. Actas Dermosifiliogr.,2014; 105: 31-44
  Google Scholar
• 19. Carretero G., Puig L., Dehesa L., Carrascosa J.M., Ribera M., Sánchez-RegañaM., Daudén E., Vidal D., Alsina M., Muñoz-Santos C.,López-Estebaranz J.L., Notario J., Ferrandiz C., Vanaclocha F., García-BustinduyM. i wsp.: Guidelines on the use of methotrexate inpsoriasis. Actas Dermosifiliogr., 2010; 101: 600-613
  Google Scholar
• 20. Charles K.A., Kulbe H., Soper R., Escorcio-Correia M., LawrenceT., Schultheis A., Chakravarty P., Thompson R.G., Kollias G., SmythJ.F., Balkwill F.R., Hagemann T.: The tumor-promoting actions ofTNF-α involve TNFR1 and IL-17 in ovarian cancer in mice and humans.J. Clin. Invest., 2009: 119: 3011-3023
  Google Scholar
• 21. Clark L., Lebwohl M.: The effect of weight on the efficacy ofbiologic therapy in patients with psoriasis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.,2008; 58: 443-446
  Google Scholar
• 22. Cnop M.: Fatty acids and glucolipotoxicity in the pathogenesisof type 2 diabetes. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 2008; 36: 348-352
  Google Scholar
• 23. Corbetta S., Angioni R., Cattaneo A., Beck-Peccoz P., Spada A.:Effects of retinoid therapy on insulin sensitivity, lipid profile andcirculating adipocytokines. Eur. J. Endocrinol., 2006; 154: 83-86
  Google Scholar
• 24. Coto-Segura P., González-Lara L., Eiris N., Santos-Juanes J.,Queiro R., Coto E.: Effect of the FTO rs9930506 polymorphism onobesity and the main clinical outcomes in patients with psoriasis.Br. J. Dermatol., 2014; 171: 917-919
  Google Scholar
• 25. Davidovici B.B., Sattar N., Prinz J., Jörg P.C., Puig L, Emery P.,Barker J.N., van de Kerkhof P., Ståhle M., Nestle F.O., Girolomoni G.,Krueger J.G.: Psoriasis and systemic inflammatory diseases: potentialmechanistic links between skin disease and co-morbid conditions.J. Invest. Dermatol., 2010; 130: 1785-1796
  Google Scholar
• 26. Dąbrowska M., Szydlarska D., Bar-Andziak E.: Adiponektynaa insulinooporność i miażdżyca. Endokr. Otyłość Zaburz. Przem.Mat., 2011; 7: 186-191
  Google Scholar
• 27. Del Giglio M., Gisondi P., Tessari G., Girolomoni G.: Weight reductionalone may not be sufficient to maintain disease remissionin obese patients with psoriasis: a randomized, investigator-blindedstudy. Dermatology, 2012; 224: 31-37
  Google Scholar
• 28. De Souza Batista C.M., Yang R.Z., Lee M.J., Glynn N.M., Yu D.Z.,Pray J., Ndubuizu K., Patil S., Schwartz A., Kligman M., Fried S.K.,Gong D.W., Shuldiner A.R., Pollin T.I., McLenithan J.C.: Omentin plasmalevels and gene expression are decreased in obesity. Diabetes,2007; 56: 1655-1661
  Google Scholar
• 29. Di Lernia V., Tasin L., Pellicano R., Zumiani G., Albertini G.: Impactof body mass index on retention rates of anti-TNF-alpha drugsin daily practice for psoriasis. J. Dermatolog. Treat., 2012; 23: 404-409
  Google Scholar
• 30. Dinarello C.A., Novick D., Kim S., Kaplanski G.: Interleukin-18and IL-18 binding protein. Front. Immunol.: 2013; 4: 289
  Google Scholar
• 31. Duarte G.V., Follador I., Cavalheiro C.A., Silva T.S., de OliveiraM.F.: Psoriasis and obesity: literature review and recommendationsfor management. An. Bras. Dermatol., 2010; 85: 355-360
  Google Scholar
• 32. Fantuzzi G.: Adiponectin and inflammation: consensus and controversy.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2008; 121: 326-330
  Google Scholar
• 33. Farías M.M., Serrano V., de la Cruz C.: Psoriasis and obesity: a reviewand practical recommendations. Actas Dermosifiliogr., 2011;102: 505-509
  Google Scholar
• 34. Filková M., Haluzík M., Gay S., Senolt L.: The role of resistin asa regulator of inflammation: Implications for various human pathologies.Clin. Immunol., 2009; 133: 157-170
  Google Scholar
• 35. Fontana L., Eagon J.C., Trujillo M.E., Scherer P.E., Klein S.: Visceralfat adipokine secretion is associated with systemic inflammationin obese humans. Diabetes, 2007; 56: 1010-1013
  Google Scholar
• 36. Gerdes S., Rostami-Yazdi M., Mrowietz U.: Adipokines and psoriasis.Exp. Dermatol., 2011; 20: 81-87
  Google Scholar
• 37. Gerkowicz A., Pietrzak A., Szepietowski J.C., Radej S., ChodorowskaG.: Biochemical markers of psoriasis as a metabolic disease.Folia Histochem. Cytobiol., 2012; 50: 155-170
  Google Scholar
• 38. Gisondi P., Del Giglio M., Cozzi A., Girolomoni G.: Psoriasis, the liver,and the gastrointestinal tract. Dermatol. Ther., 2010; 23: 155-159
  Google Scholar
• 39. Gisondi P., Del Giglio M., Di Francesco V., Zamboni M., GirolomoniG.: Weight loss improves the response of obese patients withmoderate-to-severe chronic plaque psoriasis to low-dose cyclosporinetherapy: a randomized, controlled, investigator-blinded clinicaltrial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2008; 88: 1242-1247
  Google Scholar
• 40. Gisondi P., Lora V., Bonauguri C., Russo A., Lippi G., GirolomoniG.: Serum chemerin is increased in patients with chronic plaquepsoriasis and normalizes following treatment with infliximab. Br.J. Dermatol., 2013; 168: 749-755
  Google Scholar
• 41. Gottlieb A.B., Dann F.: Comorbidities in patients with psoriasis.Am. J. Med., 2009; 122: 1150.e1-1150.e9
  Google Scholar
• 42. Gustafson B.: Adipose tissue, inflammation and atherosclerosis.J. Atheroscler. Thromb., 2010; 17: 332-341
  Google Scholar
• 43. Gustafson B., Hammarstedt A., Andersson C.X., Smith U.: Inflamedadipose tissue: a culprit underlying the metabolic syndrome andathetosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2007; 27: 2276-2283
  Google Scholar
• 44. Hamminga E.A., van der Lely A.J., Neumann H.A., Thio H.B.: Chronicinflammation in psoriasis and obesity: implications for therapy.Med. Hypotheses., 2006; 67: 768-773
  Google Scholar
• 45. Harpsøe M.C., Basit S., Andersson M., Nielsen N.M., Frisch M.,Wohlfahrt J., Nohr E.A., Linneberg A., Jess T.: Body mass index andrisk of autoimmune diseases: a study within the Danish NationalBirth Cohort. Int. J. Epidemiol., 2014; 43: 843-855
  Google Scholar
• 46. Herron M.D., Hinckley M., Hoffman M.S., Papenfuss J., HansenC.B., Callis K.P., Krueger G.G.: Impact of obesity and smokingon psoriasis presentation and management. Arch. Dermatol., 2005;141: 1527-1534
  Google Scholar
• 47. Hogan A.E., Tobin A.M., Ahern T., Corrigan M.A., Gaoatswe G.,Jackson R., O’Reilly V., Lynch L., Doherty D.G., Moynagh P.N., KirbyB., O’Connell J., O’Shea D.: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and theregulation of human invariant natural killer T cells: lessons fromobesity, diabetes and psoriasis. Diabetol., 2011; 54: 2745-2754
  Google Scholar
• 48. Hossler E.W., Wood G.C., Still C.D., Mowad C.M., Maroon M.S.:The effect of weight loss surgery on the severity of psoriasis. Br. J.Dermatol 2013; 168: 660-661
  Google Scholar
• 49. Hotamisligil G.S.: Inflammation and metabolic disorders. Nature,2006; 444: 860-867
  Google Scholar
• 50. Hugh J., Van Voorhees A.S., Nijhawan R.I., Bagel J., Lebwohl M.,Blauvelt A., Hsu S., Weinberg J.M., From the Medical Board of theNational Psoriasis Foundation: The risk of cardiovascular diseasein individuals with psoriasis and the potential impact of currenttherapies. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 2014; 70: 168-177
  Google Scholar
• 51. Ismail S.A., Mohamed S.A.: Serum levels of visfatin and omentin-1in patients with psoriasis and their relation to disease severity.Br. J. Dermatol., 2012; 167: 436-439
  Google Scholar
• 52. Jensen P., Zachariae C., Christensen R., Geiker N.R., Schaadt B.K.,Stender S., Hansen P.R., Astrup A., Skov L.: Effect of weight loss onthe severity of psoriasis: a randomized clinical study. JAMA Dermatol.,2013; 149: 795-801
  Google Scholar
• 53. Jin Y., Zhang F., Yang S., Kong Y., Xiao F., Hou Y., Fan X., ZhangX.: Combined effects of HLA-Cw6, body mass index and waist–hipratio on psoriasis vulgaris in Chinese Han population. J. Dermatol.Sci., 2008; 52: 123-129
  Google Scholar
• 54. Johnston A., Arnadottir S., Gudjonsson J.E., Aphale A., SigmarsdottirA.A., Gunnarsson S.I., Steinsson J.T., Elder J.T., ValdimarssonH.: Obesity in psoriasis: leptin and resistin as mediators of cutaneousinflammation. Br. J. Dermatol., 2008; 159: 342-350
  Google Scholar
• 55. Jung S.H., Park H.S., Kim K.S., Choi W.H., Ahn C.W., Kim B.T., KimS.M., Lee S.Y., Ahn S.M., Kim Y.K., Kim H.J., Kim D.J., Lee K.W.: Effectof weight loss on some serum cytokines in human obesity: increasein IL-10 after weight loss. J. Nutr. Biochem., 2008; 19: 371-375
  Google Scholar
• 56. Kanikowska A., Pawlaczyk M.: Narzędzia wykorzystywane dooceny jakości życia chorych na łuszczycę. Dermatol. Klin., 2006;8: 132-136
  Google Scholar
• 57. Kawano J., Arora R.: The role of adiponectin in obesity, diabetes,and cardiovascular disease. J. Cardiometab. Syndr., 2009; 4: 44-49
  Google Scholar
• 58. Kim G.E., Seidler E., Kimball A.B.: The relative impact of psoriasisand obesity on socioeconomic and medical outcomes in psoriasispatients. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol., 2014; 28: 216-221
  Google Scholar
• 59. Koebnick C., Black M.H., Smith N., Der-Sarkissian J.K., PorterA.H., Jacobsen S.J., Wu J.J.: The association of psoriasis and elevatedblood lipids in overweight and obese children. J. Pediatr., 2011;159: 577-583
  Google Scholar
• 60. Kowalska I., Strączkowski M.: Tkanka tłuszczowa jako gruczołwydzielania wewnętrznego. W: Endokrynologia wieku rozwojowego- co nowego? red.: Otto-Buczkowska E. Cornetis, Wrocław 2008;92-102
  Google Scholar
• 61. Kurd S.K., Troxel A.B., Crits-Christoph P., Gelfand J.M.: The riskof depression, anxiety and suicidality in patients with psoriasis:a population-based cohort study. Arch. Dermatol., 2010; 146: 891-895
  Google Scholar
• 62. Labitigan M., Bahče-Altuntas A., Kremer J.M., Reed G., GreenbergJ.D., Jordan N., Putterman C, Broder A.: Higher rates and clusteringof abnormal lipids, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in psoriaticarthritis compared with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res.,2014; 66: 600-607
  Google Scholar
• 63. Lafuente-Urrez R.F., Pérez-Pelegay J.: Impact of obesity on theeffectiveness of adalimumab for the treatment of psoriasis: a retrospectivestudy of 30 patients in daily practice. Eur. J. Dermatol.,2014; 24: 217-223
  Google Scholar
• 64. Langman G., Hall P.M., Todd G.: Role of non-alcoholic steatohepatitisin methotrexate-induced liver injury. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.,2001; 16: 1395-1401
  Google Scholar
• 65. Li W., Han J., Qureshi A.A.: Obesity and risk of incident psoriaticarthritis in US women. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 2012; 71: 1267-1272
  Google Scholar
• 66. Lindegard B.: Diseases associated with psoriasis in a generalpopulation of 159,200 middle-aged, urban, native Swedes. Dermatologica,1986; 172: 298-304
  Google Scholar
• 67. Love T.J., Zhu Y., Zhang Y., Wall-Burns L., Ogdie A., Gelfand J.M.,Choi H.K.: Obesity and the risk of psoriatic arthritis: a populationbasedstudy. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 2012; 71: 1273-1277
  Google Scholar
• 68. Luppino F.S., de Wit L.M., Bouvy P.F., Stijnen T., Cuijpers P., PenninxB.W., Zitman F.G.: Overweight, obesity, and depression: a systematicreview and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Arch. Gen.Psychiatry, 2010; 67: 220–229
  Google Scholar
• 69. Łuczyński W., Szypowska A., Bossowski A., Stasiak-BarmutaA.: Ocena komórek CD4+CD161+ we krwi obwodowej dzieci z cukrzycątypu 1 oraz dzieci z otyłością centralną. Endokrynol. Ped.,2011; 4: 37-44
  Google Scholar
• 70. Maza A., Montaudié H., Sbidian E., Gallini A., Aractingi S., AubinF., Bachelez H., Cribier B., Joly P., Jullien D., Le Maître M., MiseryL., Richard M.A., Ortonne J.P., Paul C.: Oral cyclosporin in psoriasis:a systematic review on treatment modalities, risk of kidney toxicityand evidence for use in non-plaque psoriasis. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol.Venereol., 2011; 25: 19-27
  Google Scholar
• 71. Mercy K.M., Paller A.S.: The relationship between obesity andpsoriasis in the pediatric population: implicationsand future directions.Cutis., 2013; 92: 107-109
  Google Scholar
• 72. Mrozikiewicz-Rakowska B.: Otyłość – induktorem stanu zapalnego.Nowa Klin., 2008; 15: 27-33
  Google Scholar
• 73. Murray M.L., Bergstresser P.R., Adams-Huet B., Cohen J.B.: Relationshipof psoriasis severity to obesity using same-gender siblingsas controls for obesity. Clin. Exp. Dermatol., 2009; 34: 140-144
  Google Scholar
• 74. Nagase M., Yoshida S., Shibata S., Nagase T., Gotoda T., Ando K.,Fujita T.: Enhanced aldosterone signaling in the early nephropathy ofrats with metabolic syndrome: possible contribution of fat-derivedfactors. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2006; 17: 3438-3446
  Google Scholar
• 75. Naldi L., Addis A., Chimenti S., Giannetti A., Picardo M., TominoC., Maccarone M., Chatenoud L., Bertuccio P., Caggese E., Cuscito R.:Impact of body mass index and obesity on clinical response to systemictreatment for psoriasis. Evidence from the Psocare project.Dermatology, 2008; 217: 365-373
  Google Scholar
• 76. Naldi L., Conti A., Cazzaniga S., Patrizi A., Pazzaglia M., LanzoniA., Veneziano L., Pellacani G.; Psoriasis Emilia Romagna Study Group:Diet and physical exercise in psoriasis: a randomized controlled trial.Br. J. Dermatol., 2014; 170: 634-642
  Google Scholar
• 77. Navarini A.A., Muster M.A., Kolios A.G., Fritsche P., Glatz M.,French L.E., Trüeb R.M.: Weight-based adaptation of TNF-antagonistinduction versus maintenance dose. Case Rep. Dermatol., 2011; 3:124-129
  Google Scholar
• 78. Neimann A.L., Shin D.B., Wang X., Margolis D.J., Troxel A.B., GelfandJ.M.: Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in patient withpsoriasis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 2006; 55: 829-835
  Google Scholar
• 79. Nguyen M.T., Favelyukis S., Nguyen A.K., Reichart D., Scott P.A.,Jenn A., Liu-Bryan R., Glass C.K., Neels J.G., Olefsky J.M.: A subpopulationof macrophages infiltrates hypertrophic adipose tissue andis activated by free fatty acids via Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 andJNK-dependent pathways. J. Biol. Chem., 2007; 282: 35279–35292
  Google Scholar
• 80. Nguyen M.T., Satoh H., Favelyukis S., Babendure J.L., ImamuraT., Sbodio J.I., Zalevsky J., Dahiyat B.I., Chi N.W., Olefsky J.M.: JNK andtumor necrosis factor-α mediate free fatty acid-induced insulin resistancein 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J. Biol. Chem., 2005; 280: 35361-35371
  Google Scholar
• 81. Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M., Kocełak P., Orlik B., Handzlik G.,Juszczyk Ł.: Nowe adipokiny – korzystne czy niekorzystne w aspekciepatogenezy insulinooporności? Endokrynol. Otył. Zab. Przem.Mat., 2009; 5: 236-244
  Google Scholar
• 82. Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M., Zahorska-Markiewicz B., ŻurakowskiA., Glinianowicz B.: Rola czynnika martwicy nowotworów (TNF-α)w kontroli metabolizmu. Wiad. Lek., 2005; 58: 670-674
  Google Scholar
• 83. Owczarczyk-Saczonek A., Placek W., Rybak-d’Obyrn J., WygonowskaE.: Influence of ustekinumab on body weight of patients withpsoriasis: an initial report. Postępy Dermatol. Alergol., 2014; 31: 29-31
  Google Scholar
• 84. Paller A.S., Mercy K., Kwasny M.J., Choon S.E., Cordoro K.M.,Girolomoni G., Menter A., Tom W.L., Mahoney A.M., Oostveen A.M.,Seyger M.M.: Association of pediatric psoriasis severity with excessand central adiposity: an international cross-sectional study. JAMADermatol., 2013; 149: 166-176
  Google Scholar
• 85. Procaccini C., Carbone F., Galgani M., La Rocca C., De Rosa V.,Cassano S., Matarese G.: Obesity and susceptibility to autoimmunediseases. Expert. Rev. Clin. Immunol., 2011; 7: 287-294
  Google Scholar
• 86. Puig L.: Obesity and psoriasis: body weight and body mass indexinfluence the response to biological treatment. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol.Venereol., 2011; 25: 1007-1011
  Google Scholar
• 87. Rasmy H., Mikhael N., Ismail S.: Interleukin-18 expression andthe response to treatment in patients with psoriasis. Arch. Med.Sci., 2011; 7: 713-719
  Google Scholar
• 88. Rasouli N., Kern P.A.: Adipocytokines and the metabolic complicationsof obesity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2008; 93: S64-S73
  Google Scholar
• 89. Rucević I., Perl A., Barisic-Drusko V., Adam-Perl M.: The role ofthe low energy diet in psoriasis vulgaris treatment. Coll. Antropol.,2003; 27: 41-48
  Google Scholar
• 90. Saalbach A., Vester K., Rall K., Tremel J., Anderegg U., Beck–Sickinger A.G., Blüher M., Simon J.C.: Vaspin – a link of obesity andpsoriasis? Exp. Dermatol., 2012; 21: 309-312
  Google Scholar
• 91. Salama R.H., Al-Shobaili H.A., Al Robaee A.A., Alzolibani A.A.:Psoriasin: a novel marker linked obesity with psoriasis. Dis. Markers,2013; 34: 33-39
  Google Scholar
• 92. Saraceno R., Schipani C., Mazzotta A., Esposito M., Di Renzo L.,De Lorenzo A., Chimenti S.: Effect of anti-tumor necrosis factor-αtherapies on body mass index in patients with psoriasis. Pharmacol.Res., 2008; 57: 290-295
  Google Scholar
• 93. Sedimbi S.K., Hägglöf T., Karlsson M.C.: IL-18 in inflammatoryand autoimmune disease. Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 2013; 70: 4795-4808
  Google Scholar
• 94. Setty A.R., Curhan G., Choi H.K.: Obesity, waist circumference,weight change, and the risk of psoriasis in women: Nurses’ HealthStudy II. Arch. Intern. Med., 2007; 167: 1670-1675
  Google Scholar
• 95. Shelton R.C., Miller A.H.: Eating ourselves to death (and despair):the contribution of adiposity and inflammation to depression. Prog.Neurobiol., 2010; 91: 275-299
  Google Scholar
• 96. Shipman A.R., Millington G.W.: Obesity and the skin. Br. J. Dermatol.,2011; 165: 743-750
  Google Scholar
• 97. Shoelson S.E., Herrero L., Naaz A.: Obesity, inflammation, andinsulin resistance. Gastroenterol., 2007; 132: 2169-2180
  Google Scholar
• 98. Solis M.Y., de Melo N.S., Macedo M.E., Carneiro F.P., Sabbag C.Y.,Lancha Júnior A.H., Frangella V.S.: Nutritional status and food intakeof patients with systemic psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis associated.Einstein, 2012; 10: 44-52
  Google Scholar
• 99. Soltani-Arabshahi R., Wong B., Feng B.J., Goldgar D.E., DuffinK.C., Krueger G.G.: Obesity in early adulthood as a risk factor forpsoriatic arthritis. Arch. Dermatol., 2010; 146: 721-726
  Google Scholar
• 100. Sumarac-Dumanovic M., Stevanovic D., Ljubic A., Jorga J., SimicM., Stamenkovic-Pejkovic D., Starcevic V., Trajkovic V., Micic D.: Increasedactivity of interleukin-23/interleukin-17 proinflammatoryaxis in obese women. Int. J. Obes., 2009; 33: 151-156
  Google Scholar
• 101. Takahashi H., Tsuji H., Honma M., Ishida-Yamamoto A., IizukaH.: Increased plasma resistin and decreased omentin levels in Japanesepatients with psoriasis. Arch. Dermatol. Res., 2013; 305: 113-116
  Google Scholar
• 102. Tatoń J., Czech A., Bernas M.: Zaburzenia endokrynne tkankitłuszczowej w patogenezie otyłości. W: Otyłość. Zespół metaboliczny.red.: Tatoń, J. PZWL, Warszawa, 2007, 138-147
  Google Scholar
• 103. van der Voort E.A., Koehler E.M., Dowlatshahi E.A., HofmanA., Stricker B.H., Janssen H.L., Schouten J.N., Nijsten T.: Psoriasis isindependently associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease inpatients 55 years old or older: results from a population-based study.J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 2014; 70: 517-524
  Google Scholar
• 104. Westlake S.L., Colebatch A.N., Baird J., Kiely P., Quinn M., ChoyE., Ostor A.J., Edwards C.J.: The effect of methotrexate on cardiovasculardisease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematicliterature review. Rheumatology, 2010; 49: 295-307
  Google Scholar
• 105. Winer S., Paltser G., Chan Y., Tsui H., Engleman E., Winer D.,Dosch H.M.: Obesity predisposes to Th17 bias. Eur. J. Immunol., 2009:39: 2629-2635
  Google Scholar
• 106. Wolf R., Ruzicka T., Yuspa S.H.: Novel S100A7 (psoriasin)/S100A15 (koebnerisin) subfamily: Highly homologous but distinctin regulation and function. Amino Acids, 2011; 41: 789-796
  Google Scholar
• 107. Wolk K., Mallbris L., Larsson P., Rosenblad A., Vingård E., StåhleM.: Excessive body weight and smoking associates with a high riskof onset of plaque psoriasis. Acta. Derm. Venereol., 2009; 89: 492-497
  Google Scholar
• 108. Wolters M.: Diet and psoriasis: experimental data and clinicalevidence. Br. J. Dermatol., 2005; 153: 706-714
  Google Scholar
• 109. Wozniak S.E., Gee L.L., Wachtel M.S., Frezza E.E.: Adipose tissue:the new endocrine organ. A review article. Dig. Dis. Sci., 2009;54: 1847-1856
  Google Scholar
• 110. Youn B.S., Klöting N., Kratzsch J., Lee N., Park J.W., Song E.S.,Ruschke K., Oberbach A., Fasshauer M., Stumvoll M., Blüher M.: Serumvaspin concentrations in human obesity and type 2 diabetes.Diabetes, 2008; 57: 372-377
  Google Scholar
• 111. Zamboni S., Zanetti G., Grosso G., Ambrosio G.B., Gozzetti S.,Peserico A.: Dietary behaviour in psoriatic patients. Acta. Derm.Venereol. Suppl., 1989; 146: 182-183
  Google Scholar
• 112. Zarkesh-Esfahani H., Pockley G., Metcalfe R.A., BidlingmaierM., Wu Z., Ajami A., Weetman A.P., Strasburger C.J., Ross R.J.: High–dose leptin activates human leukocytes via receptor expression onmonocytes. J. Immunol., 2001; 167: 4593-4599
  Google Scholar
• 113. Zhu S., Qian Y.: IL-17/IL-17 receptor system in autoimmunedisease: mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Clin. Sci., 2012;122: 487-511
  Google Scholar
• 114. Zúñiga L.A., Shen W.J., Joyce-Shaikh B., Pyatnova E.A., RichardsA.G., Thom C., Andrade S.M., Cua D.J., Kraemer F.B., Butcher E.C.:IL-17 regulates adipogenesis, glucose homeostasis, and obesity. J.Immunol., 2010; 185: 6947-6959
  Google Scholar

Full text