Abstract

Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer observed in women, and in its pathogenesis, in addition to endogenous estrogens, a significant role is played by xenoestrogens, which are present in the human life environment. It is a large group of exogenous compounds of diverse structure, not produced in the human body, which imitate the action of female sex hormones, especially estrogens, and in consequence affect the hormonal balance of the body. Despite the diverse structure, their common feature is the ability to interact with estrogen receptors. In this way they change the functioning of the endocrine system and, consequently, they can induce negative changes in the human body and effects on the health of both the parental generation and its offspring. Some xenoestrogens may cause tumor growth by stimulating cell proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis. So far, such properties have been found for organic compounds, but also for some metal ions, referred to as metalloestrogens. For this reason, it is extremely important to know the sources of the presence and mechanisms of xenoestrogens in the pathogenesis of mammary gland cancer. The presented paper discusses the role of selected xenoestrogens, such as: bisphenol A, phthalates, parabens or cadmium, as a metalloestrogen. A wide range of xenoestrogens has been selected for the compounds given above, due to their importance in the pathogenesis of breast cancer and their widespread presence in the human environment, as well as to draw attention to the still-present problem of possible chronic environmental or occupational exposure of humans. The paper also explores the problem of the effect of xenoestrogens on the efficacy of breast cancer treatment, presenting possible xenoestrogen-drug interactions. It also explains how xenoestrogens present in foods (phytoestrogens) can affect the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy of breast cancer.

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