Abstract

Bladder cancer (BC) affects usually older people. According to information provided by the National Cancer Registry in 2012. BC was the 4th, in terms of illness, cancer in men and 11th in women. Early diagnosis of bladder cancer is important because detected later has worse prognosis.Diagnosis of bladder cancer is not simple and it is still very invasive. Usually the cystoscopy or endoscopic bladder biopsy with histopathological evaluation and cytology of urine sediment is used. This prompted researchers to look for alternative noninvasive methods of diagnosis of bladder cancer. Recently, it was described the group of six proteins (BLCA) specific for BC, with special attention to BLCA-4.BLCA-4 belongs to the nuclear matrix protein and has a high specificity for this type of cancer however the value of this marker in BC diagnosis is not yet established. Oxidative DNA damage play an important role in the pathogenesis of some human diseases, including cancer. Determination of 8-hydroxy-2’deoksyguanozyne (8-OHdG) is currently used in the evaluation of genotoxic damage.The aim of the work was to review information on BLCA-4, its function in the process of BC carcinogenesis and diagnostic value also in exposure to genotoxic compounds measured by 8-hydroxy-2’deoksyguanozyne (8-OHdG) level.

References

• 1. Akçay T., Saygılı I., Andican G., Yalçın V.: Increased formation of 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine in peripheral blood leukocytes in bladder cancer. Urol. Int, 2003; 71: 271-274
  Google Scholar
• 2. Berezney R.: Regulating the mammalian genome: the role of nuclear architecture. Adv. Enzyme Regul., 2002; 42: 39-52
  Google Scholar
• 3. Berezney R., Coffey D.S.: Identification of a nuclear protein matrix. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1974; 60: 1410-1417
  Google Scholar
• 4. Bosman F.T.: The nuclear matrix in pathology. Virchows Arch., 1999; 435: 391-399
  Google Scholar
• 5. Buchwalter G., Gross C., Wasylyk B.: Ets ternary complex transcription factors. Gene, 2004; 324: 1-14
  Google Scholar
• 6. Cai Q., Wu Y., Guo Z., Gong R., Tang Y., Yang K., Li X., Guo X., Niu Y., Zhao Y.: Urine BLCA-4 exerts potential role in detecting patients with bladder cancers: a pooled analysis of individual studies. Oncotarget, 2015; 6: 37500-37510
  Google Scholar
• 7. Chen C., Qu L., Li B., Xing L., Jia G., Wang T., Gao Y., Zhang P., Li M., Chen W., Chai Z.: Increased oxidative DNA damage, as assessed by urinary 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine concentrations, and serum redox status in persons exposed to mercury. Clin. Chem., 2005; 51: 759-767
  Google Scholar
• 8. Chen H.I., Liou S.H., Ho S.F., Wu K.Y., Sun C.W., Chen M.F., Cheng L.C., Shih T.S., Loh C.H.: Oxidative DNA damage estimated by plasma 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG): influence of 4, 4′-methylenebis (2-chloroaniline) exposure and smoking. J. Occup. Health, 2007; 49: 389-398
  Google Scholar
• 9. Chen T.E., Guo G.Z., Wang G.X., Xia L.P.: The value of BLCA 4 in the diagnosis of bladder cancer. J. Mod. Lab. Med., 2005; 20: 59-60
  Google Scholar
• 10. Chiou C.C., Chang P.Y., Chan E.C., Wu T.L., Tsao K.C., Wu J.T.: Urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine and its analogs as DNA marker of oxidative stress: development of an ELISA and measurement in both bladder and prostate cancers. Clin. Chim. Acta, 2003; 334: 87-94
  Google Scholar
• 11. Chung C.J., Huang C.J., Pu Y.S., Su C.T., Huang Y.K., Chen Y.T., Hsueh Y.M.: Urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine and urothelial carcinoma risk in low arsenic exposure area. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 2008; 226: 14-21
  Google Scholar
• 12. Chung K.T.: The etiology of bladder cancer and its prevention. J. Cancer. Sci. Ther., 2013; 5: 346-361
  Google Scholar
• 13. Czajka A.: Wolne rodniki tlenowe a mechanizmy obronne organizmu. Now. Lek., 2006; 75: 582-586
  Google Scholar
• 14. Ding J., Xu D., Pan C., Ye M., Kang J., Bai Q., Qi J.: Current animal models of bladder cancer: awareness of translatability. Exp. Ther. Med., 2014; 8: 691-699
  Google Scholar
• 15. Feng C.C., Wang P.H., Guan M., Jiang H.W., Wen H., Ding Q., Wu Z.: Urinary BLCA-4 is highly specific for detection of bladder cancer in Chinese Han population and is related to tumour invasiveness. Folia Biol., 2011; 57: 242-247
  Google Scholar
• 16. Feng C., Wu Z., Guo T., Jiang H., Guan M., Zhang Y., Wen H., Ding Q.: BLCA-4 expression is related to MMP-9, VEGF, IL-1α and IL-8 in bladder cancer but not to PEDF, TNF-α or angiogenesis. Pathol. Biol., 2012; 60: e36-e40
  Google Scholar
• 17. Feng C.C., Wu Z., Jiang H.W., Wen H., Guan M., Ding Q.: Urinary BLCA-4 level is useful to detect upper urinary tract urothelial cell carcinoma. Actas Urol. Esp. 2012; 36: 597-602
  Google Scholar
• 18. Fey E.G., Bangs P., Sparks C., Odgren P.: The nuclear matrix: defining structural and functional roles. Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene. Expr. 1991; 1: 127-143
  Google Scholar
• 19. Getzenberg R.H., Konety B.R., Oeler T.A., Quigley M.M., Hakam A., Becich M.J., Bahnson R.R.: Bladder cancer-associated nuclear matrix proteins. Cancer Res., 1996; 56: 1690-1694
  Google Scholar
• 20. Guo B., Che T., Shi B., Guo L., Yin Y., Li L., Wang J., Yan D., Chen Y.: Screening and identification of specific markers for bladder transitional cell carcinoma from urine urothelial cells with suppressive subtractive hybridization and cDNA microarray. Can. Urol. Assoc. J., 2011; 5: E129-E137
  Google Scholar
• 21. Huang Y.H., Zhou N., Xu X., Zhang Z.: The significance of combined detection of specific nuclear matrix protein-4 and bladder cancer antigen in bladder cancer at an early stage. J. Prac. Med., 2014; 30: 3608-3610
  Google Scholar
• 22. Jiang M.J., Wu G., Hou J.Q.: Expression and clinical significance of bladder cancer specific nuclear matrix protein 4 in urine of patients with bladder cancer. Chin. J. Exper. Surgery, 2013; 30: 1754-1755
  Google Scholar
• 23. Karolkiewicz J.: Wpływ stresu oksydacyjnego na strukturę i funkcję komórek oraz konsekwencje wynikające z uszkodzeń wolnorodnikowych – związek z procesami starzenia. Gerontol. Pol., 2011; 19: 59-67
  Google Scholar
• 24. Kiriluk K.J., Prasad S.M., Patel A.R., Steinberg G.D., Smith N.D.: Bladder cancer risk from occupational and environmental exposures. Urol. Oncol., 2012; 30: 199-211
  Google Scholar
• 25. Konety B.R., Nguyen T.S., Brenes G., Sholder A., Lewis N., Bastacky S., Potter D.M., Getzenberg R.H.: Clinical usefulness of the novel marker BLCA-4 for the detection of bladder cancer. J. Urol., 2000; 164: 634-639
  Google Scholar
• 26. Konety B.R., Nguyen T.T., Dhir R., Day R.S., Becich M.J., Stadler W.M., Getzenberg R.H.: Detection of bladder cancer using a novel nuclear matrix protein, BLCA-4. Clin. Cancer Res., 2000; 6: 2618-2625
  Google Scholar
• 27. Kujoth G.C., Hiona A., Pugh T.D., Someya S., Panzer K., Wohlgemuth S.E., Hofer T., Seo A.Y., Sullivan R., Jobling W.A., Morrow J.D., Van Remmen H., Sedivy J.M., Yamasoba T., Tanokura M. i wsp.: Mitochondrial DNA mutations, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in mammalian aging. Science, 2005; 309: 481-484
  Google Scholar
• 28. Leman E.S., Getzenberg R.H.: Nuclear structure as a source of cancer specific biomarkers. J. Cell. Biochem., 2008; 104: 1988-1993
  Google Scholar
• 29. Lerner S.P., Grossman H.B., Messing E.M., Kibel A.S., Stephenson A., Gee J.R., O’Donnell M.A., Reid R.D., Kamat A.M., Parnes H.L., House M.G.: BCAN Think Tank session 3: Prevention of bladder cancer. Urol. Oncol., 2010; 28: 338-342
  Google Scholar
• 30. Li X., Pi J., Li B., Xu Y., Jin Y., Sun G.: Urinary arsenic speciation and its correlation with 8-OHdG in Chinese residents exposed to arsenic through coal burning. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 2008; 81: 406-411
  Google Scholar
• 31. Lin T.S., Wu C.C., Wu J.D., Wei C.H.: Oxidative DNA damage estimated by urinary 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine and arsenic in glass production workers. Toxicol. Ind. Health, 2012; 28: 513-521
  Google Scholar
• 32. Michalak A., Krzeszowiak J., Markiewicz-Górka I.: Starzenie się organizmu a stres oksydacyjny oraz zmniejszona sprawność systemów naprawczych. Postępy. Hig. Med. Dośw., 2014; 68: 1483-1491
  Google Scholar
• 33. Mishra B.P., Badade Z.G., Anand B.K., Lingidi J.L., Jaiswal S.: 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels in urinary samples of pesticide sprayers on exposure to organophosphorus pesticides. Int. J. Clin. Trials., 2015; 2: 59-63
  Google Scholar
• 34. Myers-Irvin J.M., Van Le T.S., Getzenberg R.H.: Mechanistic analysis of the role of BLCA-4 in bladder cancer pathobiology. Cancer Res., 2005; 65: 7145-7150
  Google Scholar
• 35. Oikawa T.: ETS transcription factors: possible targets for cancer therapy. Cancer Sci., 2004; 95: 626-633
  Google Scholar
• 36. Olszewska M., Krajewska W.: Budowa jądra komórkowego. W: Podstawy cytofizjologii, red.: J. Kawiak, J. Mirecka, M. Olszewska, J. Warchoł; wyd. III zmienione, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa 1995, 106-107
  Google Scholar
• 37. Orkisz S., Bartel H.: Organizacja i funkcjonowanie jądra komórkowego. W: Seminaria z cytofizjologii dla studentów medycyny, weterynarii i biologii, red.: J. Kawiak i M. Zabel. Wydawnictwo Medyczne Urban i Partner, Wrocław 2002, 7-8
  Google Scholar
• 38. Pira E., Piolatto G., Negri E., Romano C., Boffetta P., Lipworth L., McLaughlin J.K., La Vecchia C.: Bladder cancer morality of workers exposed to aromatic amines: a 58-years follow up. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 2010; 102: 1096-1099
  Google Scholar
• 39. Puzanowska-Tarasiewicz H., Starczewska B., Kużmicka L.: Reaktywne formy tlenu. Bromat. Chem. Toksykol., 2008; 4: 1007-1015
  Google Scholar
• 40. Santoni M., Catanzariti F., Minardi D., Burattini L., Nabissi M., Muzzonigro G., Cascinu S., Santoni G.: Pathogenic and diagnostic potential of BLCA-1 and BLCA-4 nuclear proteins in urothelial cell carcinoma of human bladder. Adv. Urol., 2012; 2012: 397412
  Google Scholar
• 41. Shirodkar S.P., Lokeshwar V.B.: Potential new urinary markers in the early detection of bladder cancer. Curr. Opin. Urol., 2009; 19: 488-493
  Google Scholar
• 42. Soini Y., Haapasaari K.M., Vaarala M.H., Turpeenniemi-Hujanen T., Kärjä V., Karihtala P.: 8-hydroxydeguanosine and nitrotyrosine are prognostic factors in urinary bladder carcinoma. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol., 2011; 4: 267-275
  Google Scholar
• 43. Szymańska-Chabowska A., Beck A., Porȩba R., Andrzejak R., Antonowicz-Juchniewicz J.: Evaluation of DNA damage in people occupationally exposed to arsenic and some heavy metals. Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 2009; 18: 1131-1139
  Google Scholar
• 44. Ścibior-Bentkowska D., Czeczot H.: Komórki nowotworowe a stres oksydacyjny. Postępy Hig. Med. Dośw., 2009; 63: 58-72
  Google Scholar
• 45. Van Le T.S., Miller R., Barder T., Babjuk M., Potter D.M., Getzenberg R.H.: Highly specific urine-based marker of bladder cancer. Urology, 2005; 66: 1256-1260
  Google Scholar
• 46. Van Le T.S., Myers J., Konety B.R., Barder T., Getzenberg R.H.: Functional characterization of the bladder cancer marker BLCA-4. Clin. Cancer Res., 2004; 10: 1384-1391
  Google Scholar
• 47. Wang X.P., Wang H., Wang Z.Y., Guo L., Zhang Z.W.: The value of bladder cancer specific nuclear matrix proteins in diagnosis of bladder cancer. J. Chengde Med. College, 2014; 31: 115-117
  Google Scholar
• 48. Yang J.R., Liu W., Liu B., Pan T.J.: Clinical significance of expression of BLCA-4 in urine of bladder cancer patients. Practical J. Cancer, 2015; 30: 168-170
  Google Scholar
• 49. Zabłocka A., Janusz M.: Dwa oblicza wolnych rodników tlenowych. Postępy. Hig. Med. Dośw., 2008; 62: 118-124
  Google Scholar
• 50. Zaremba T., Oliński R.: Oksydacyjne uszkodzenia DNA – ich analiza oraz znaczenie kliniczne. Postępy Biochem., 2010; 56: 124-138
  Google Scholar
• 51. Zhao Q., Shen W.H., Chen Z.W., Zhou Z.S., Ji H.X.: High expression level of BLCA-4 correlates with poor prognosis in human bladder cancer. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol., 2012; 5: 422-427
  Google Scholar

Full text