Abstrakt

Według obecnych ustaleń liczba mikroorganizmów bytujących w/na naszym ciele nieco przekracza liczbę naszych własnych komórek, a ich głównym miejscem występowania jest jelito grube. Nowe metody badania mikroorganizmów jelitowych (mikrobioty jelitowej) umożliwiają coraz lepsze poznanie ich funkcji metabolicznych, ochronnych oraz strukturalnych jak również złożonych interakcji z organizmem gospodarza. Rozwój mikrobioty jelitowej jest dynamiczny, a jej skład może ulegać zmianom w czasie naszego życia. Na skład mikrobioty może wpływać wiele czynników, m.in.: dieta, stres, wiek, czynniki genetyczne czy antybiotykoterapia. Komunikacja na szlaku mikrobiota-jelita-mózg jest dwukierunkowa i może zachodzić za pośrednictwem dróg: neuronalnych, immunologicznych oraz humoralnych. W artykule skupiono się na elementach osi jelito-mózg umożliwiających kontakt mikrobioty z ośrodkowym układem nerwowym, takich jak: nerw błędny, oś podwzgórze-przysadka-nadnercza (HPA), cytokiny, neuroprzekaźniki, hormony oraz peptydy jelitowe. Przedstawiono mechanizmy za pośrednictwem których mikrobiota wpływa na funkcjonowanie mózgu i które mają wpływ na nasze zachowanie, nastrój oraz procesy poznawcze. Omówiono ponadto rolę zaburzeń w składzie mikrobioty w patogenezie i nasilaniu objawów chorób ośrodkowego układu nerwowego, takich jak: depresja, spektrum zaburzeń autystycznych, schizofrenia, stwardnienie rozsiane, choroby Parkinsona i Alzheimera. Przedstawiono także wyniki badań z zastosowaniem probiotyków, jako potencjalnych środków terapeutycznych w schorzeniach przewodu pokarmowego, a także znajdujących zastosowanie w łagodzeniu objawów wymienionych chorób ośrodkowego układu nerwowego.

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