Abstrakt

Cząsteczki mikroRNA są krótkimi, niekodującymi oligonukleotydami odpowiadającymi za potranskrypcyjną regulację ekspresji genów. W wyniku ich aktywności kontrolowanych jest wiele procesów komórkowych oraz szlaków sygnalizacyjnych. Od 2010 roku wiadomo, że wchodzą one w skład mleka kobiecego, które obecnie uznaje się za jedno z najbogatszych pokarmowych źródeł mikroRNA. Funkcje tych cząsteczek w organizmie karmionego mlekiem matki dziecka są związane z kształtowaniem się układu odpornościowego, wzrostem i prawidłowym rozwojem. Wykazano, że cząsteczki mikroRNA pochodzące z mleka kobiecego są stabilne w warunkach in vitro symulujących trawienie w przewodzie pokarmowym niemowlęcia oraz mogą podlegać wchłanianiu przez enterocyty, przez co stanowią potencjalnie bioaktywny składnik mleka kobiecego sprzyjający rozwojowi niemowląt karmionych piersią. Ochronę przed degradacją w wyniku działania RNaz bądź niskiego pH zapewnia otoczka egzosomów, które stanowią nośnik mikroRNA we frakcji odtłuszczonej mleka, natomiast we frakcji lipidowej i komórkowej funkcję tę przypisuje się koloidalnym skupiskom pęcherzyków, zwanych kuleczkami tłuszczowymi, oraz laktocytom. W przeciwieństwie do mleka matki, sztuczne mieszanki mlekozastępcze zawierają tylko nieliczne cząsteczki mikroRNA – co więcej – wywodzące się od innych organizmów. Można przypuszczać, że dodatek krótkich RNA o sekwencjach identycznych z mikroRNA występującymi naturalnie w mleku kobiecym do preparatów do karmienia zastępczego niemowląt może stać się nowym, ważnym składnikiem mieszanek mlekozastępczych.

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