Abstrakt

Rak gruczołu krokowego (PCa) jest najczęstszym rodzajem nowotworu wśród mężczyzn w Europie i dotyczy to niemal całego świata. Zalecenia dotyczące badań przesiewowych oraz rozpoznania opierają się na pomiarach antygenu swoistego prostaty (PSA) i badaniu gruczołu krokowego palcem przez odbytnicę (DRE). Obie metody diagnostyczne najczęściej wskazują na konieczność wykonania biopsji prostaty. Ograniczona specyfika testu PSA powoduje jednak potrzebę opracowania nowych i lepszych narzędzi diagnostycznych. W ciągu ostatnich kilku lat, nowe podejście diagnostyczne, zapewniają biomarkery molekularne, które jako alternatywa PSA, zostały wprowadzone do użytku klinicznego. Nowoczesne biomarkery umożliwiają wykorzystywanie ich nie tylko jako nieinwazyjne narzędzia diagnostyczne, ale także zapewniają śledzenie zmian na każdym etapie choroby oraz ocenę agresywności guza i monitorowanie procesu terapeutycznego. Najbardziej obiecującą grupą są markery molekularne, wśród których dużą nadzieję wiąże się z wykorzystaniem pozakomórkowych cząstek mikroRNA (miRNA, miR). miRNA tworzą klasę małych o długości około 22 nukleotydów, niekodujących cząsteczek RNA, które biorą udział w potranskrypcyjnej regulacji ekspresji licznych genów. W artykule przedstawiono aktualną wiedzę dotyczącą roli miRNA w PCa, w tym dane dotyczące szlaku sygnałowego receptora androgenowego (AR signaling), cyklu komórkowego, procesu przejścia nabłonkowo-mezenchymalnego (EMT), rakowych komórek macierzystych (CSC), a nawet rolę miRNA jako narzędzia terapeutycznego PCa. Znalezienie lepszych biomarkerów PCa, na bazie miRNA, zastępujących obecny pomiar PSA, jest bardzo potrzebne w nowoczesnej praktyce onkologicznej.

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