Abstrakt

Witamina D, przez wiele lat od jej odkrycia, była łączona przede wszystkim z procesami metabolicznymi układu kostno-szkieletowego. Rozwój badań w tej dziedzinie stworzył jednak nowe możliwości wykorzystania tego związku. Obecnie, wiele prac wskazuje na jej znaczenie w zapobieganiu i zwalczaniu wielu schorzeń, w tym chorób nowotworowych. Niedobór natomiast jest łączony z większą podatnością na zachorowania i gorszym rokowaniem w leczeniu, zwłaszcza chorób nowotworowych. Kalcytriol, czyli aktywna postać witaminy D (1,25(OH)2D3) oraz różne jej pochodne wykazują wiele aktywności, w tym o charakterze przeciwnowotworowym. Liczne badania wskazały, że aktywna postać witaminy D3 może działać antyproliferacyjnie w komórkach nowotworowych przez zahamowanie cyklu komórkowego, indukcję różnicowania, nasilanie apoptozy i wzmacnianie autofagii. Niezwykle ważne są także możliwości zmniejszania inwazyjności nowotworów przez wpływ na angiogenezę, adhezję i kontaktowe hamowanie wzrostu, a także migrację komórek nowotworowych. Zwłaszcza w nowotworach, których komórki wykazują ekspresję receptorów VDR, sugeruje się przeciwnowotworową rolę witaminy D3. Wiele komórek rakowych nie tylko przejawia ekspresję receptora VDR, ale także dochodzi w nich do lokalnej regulacji metabolizmu 1,25(OH)2D3, dzięki ekspresji hydroksylaz CYP27B1 i CYP24A. W wielu przeprowadzonych badaniach z zastosowaniem witaminy D3 wykazano, że kalcytriol i jego analogi wpływają na komórki nowotworowe, dzięki czemu mogą odgrywać ważne role w terapiach przeciwnowotworowych. Ze względu na szeroki plejotropizm działania kalcytriolu i jego pochodnych oraz rozwój badań nad tym problemem, w pracy przedstawiono wpływ aktywnych postaci witaminy D na niektóre szlaki sygnałowe i na regulację wybranych białek w różnych nowotworach.

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