Abstrakt

Starzenie się układu odpornościowego, określane terminem immunosenescencji (immunosenescence), jest procesem postępującym i nieodwracalnym obejmującym obniżenie liczby dziewiczych limfocytów T i limfocytów B, aktywności cytotoksycznej komórek NK oraz zaburzenia równowagi pro- i przeciwzapalnej poprzez zmiany wytwarzania IL-2, -4, -6, -10, -17, TNF-α, IFN-γ i in. Z wiekiem nasila się autoimmunizacja i uogólniony stan zapalny z jednoczesnym deficytem immunologicznym, zwiększając podatność na choroby infekcyjne, obniżając reaktywność na szczepienia profilaktyczne, zachorowalność na choroby autoimmunologiczne. Zwiększa się ryzyko infekcyjnych powikłań urazów, zaostrzają się objawy chorób przewlekłych z niedostateczną reakcją na obecność komórek nowotworowych. Od lat na podstawie analizy częstotliwości zakażeń wirusowych i bakteryjnych, wskaźników immunologicznych i zapalenia podejmowane są próby opracowania profilu odpornościowego ryzyka (immune risk profile, IRP) oraz skutecznych metod profilaktyki zaburzeń funkcji układu immunologicznego i przedłużenia sprawności funkcjonalnej osób starszych.

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